Findings and Conclusions:

·        The Secretary of State in 1913, Philander Knox, in ignoring the obvious, and well documented procedural and substantive defects in the states’ legislative votes on the 16^th Amendment, violated the law and the Constitution by fraudulently certifying the amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

·        The original constitutional clause in Article 1 section 9 clause 4 REQUIRES that all direct taxes be apportioned.  This clause has never been repealed.  The enforcement of laws based on the 16^th Amendment can NOT conflict with this clause.  

·        Our laws must be unambiguous to have legal validity.  To tolerate otherwise is to deprive the People of the due process protections of the Constitution.

Bottom Line:  The government claims its sole authority for the income tax on the 16^th Amendment.  It was fraudulently ratified.  All other discussions are secondary.